Batrachospermum Occurrence:- (1) Batrachospermum is fresh water alga. (2) It is found in clear, cool, and running streams. (3) Deepwater plants are dark violet or reddish in color. But the shallow-water species are olive green. (4) The intensity of light changes the color of pigments. (5) The thallus is attached to the substratum. Vegetative structure (1) The thallus of an adult plant is soft, thick, filamentous. (2) It is freely branched and gelatinous. (3) The central axis is made up of a single row of large cells. Whorls of branches of limited growth are developed on this axis. (4) These branches are filamentous and dichotomously arranged. (5) The main axis is corticated. It consists of a row of elongated cylindrical cells. (6) It is differentiated into nodes and internodes. (7) There are two types of branches that arise from the nodes: Branches of limited growth Branches of unlimited growth Batra
Carboxylic Acids-Chemical Properties - Esterification Carboxylic Acid Chemical Properties of Carboxylic Acids:- Esterification :- When alcohols or phenols react with carboxylic acids then esters are formed in the presence of concentration. H2SO4 or HCl as a catalyst. Carboxylic Acids-Chemical Properties Esterification Reaction with PCl5, SOCl2:- When the hydroxyl group of the carboxylic acid is easily replaced by chlorine atom when it is treated by (PCl_5), (SOCl_2) as the products which are produced are gaseous in nature and can escape from the reaction mixture making the purification easier. Reaction with PCl5 Reduction:- With diborane, NaBH4, and lithium aluminum hydride, carboxylic acids are reduced to primary alcohols. Reduction Carboxylation:- Carboxylic acids lose carbon dioxide to form hydrocarbons when their sodium salts are heated with soda-lime and this the reaction is called decarboxylation. Carboxylation Halogen