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Frog-Digestion II ingestion II B.sc NotesII Class 11th notes

Frog-Digestion Digestion:- Mouth:- It is wide open bounded by the upper and lower jaw. Buccopharyngeal cavity: - The mouth leads into the buccal cavity that consists of Teeth:- Only the upper jaw contains teeth. All similar Homodont, Acrodont -not completely attached with bone, Crown, and base two-part present. Crown is formed by Dentine covered by Enamel. The tooth has a pupil cavity with Pulp. Mainly two types of teeth present -Maxillary and vomerine. Internal nares:- The pair of opening presents near the vomerine teeth. Bulging eyeballs:- These two large oval areas on the roof of the buccal cavity. Pharynx:- The pharynx consists of a Eustachian tube over the roof of it. It connects the pharynx with the middle ear. Vocal sac:- Opening of vocal sac present at the angle of the jaw which is present only in male frog during breeding season help in copulation. Tongue:- Tongue lies on the floor of the buccal c

Biology Class 11: Biological Classification Part-3 IIChapter-2II Kingdom Protista

Kingdom Protista Characteristics:- (1) Eukaryotic and Unicellular or Multicellular. (2) Protista has no definite boundary due to similar characters with Algae, Fungi, and Animals. (3) In many cases, Protista has no definite cell wall, so it resembles with Animals. (4) In some cases, it has a cell wall made up of cellulose (5) For reproduction, it will form sporangia characters of fungi. Kingdom Protista divided into the following classes:- (1) Dinoflagellates (2) Diatoms (3) Eugenides (4) Slime Moulds (5) Protozoans. Diatoms:- (1) They are also called Crysophytes contain Beta-carotene and chlorophyll-a. (2) Cell wall forms by Mannitol, Lamiran starch, and oil. (3) A cell wall composed of So2 and diatoms cell wall is Indestructible. (4) Some Diatoms combine and form Frustle and Kisselghaur by its dead body.

Kingdom Monera | Bacteria | Archaebacteria | Cyanobacteria | Mycoplasma Class 11th

Kingdom Monera Characteristics:- Eubacteria A) Bacteria are the soil members found everywhere, Hundreds of the bacteria found in a handful of the soil. B) They are also live in extreme conditions like hot springs, deserts, snow, and deep oceans. Where very few other life forms can survive. C) Mainly bacteria are Autotrophic, chemoautotrophic, and heterotrophic. D) According. To their shape, these are of 4-types. Coccus:- Spherical shaped bacteria e.g.Stephlococcus. Bacillus:- Rod-shaped bacteria,e.g.:- Bacillus thygrogenesis. Vibrio:- comma-shaped bacteria e.g. Vibrio cholera. Spiral:- Spiral shaped bacteria e.g. Spirilla. Note:- 6 th kingdom classification was given by Robert Woose . He classifies Kingdom monera into two groups Archebacteria and Eubacteria Archebacteria:- Live in halophiles,thermoacidophilous and as a methanogens due to the different composition of cell wall. e.g. Thermoacidophilous-Taq polymerase.which activate at 96c ,Meth

Osmoregulation in Pisces| Introduction, Types, Osmoregulation in Fish

Osmoregulation in Pisces Osmoregulation :- Maintance of Internal body Concentration of salt ,minerals and water with the respective surrounding ,this process is called Osmoregulation. Osmoregulation Isotonic Solution :- The Concentration of two Solutions are equal with respect to each other is called Isotonic Solution. Hypotonic Isotonic Hypertonic Hypotonic Solution :- The Conentration of One solution is lower than other solution ,the lower one is called Hypotonic solution . Hypertonic Solution :- The concentration of on solution is greater than other solution ,the greater one is called Hypertonic solution. Poikilosmotic Animals :- The organisms which has change their internal state by exchanging the mineral ,salts and water with surrounding .There are of two types – Stenohaline (2) Euryohaline 1 Stenohaline :- The organism which can maintain their internal stat

Mutation-cause,effects and disease

Mutation Mutation :- Mutation Mutation could be a permanent modification within the deoxyribonucleic acid sequence that produces up a cistron. Mutations direct size from one deoxyribonucleic acid base to a full body modification. Mutation Types of Mutation :- Missense Insertion Nonesense Deletion Repet enlargement Frameshift mutation Missense Mutation :- Missense Mutation This type of mutation could be a modification in one deoxyribonucleic acid nucleotide that resultsin the substitution of 1 aminoalkanoic acid for an additional within the supermolecule created by a cistron. Insertion Mutation :- Insertion Mutation An insertion changesthe range of deoxyribonucleic acid basesin a cistron by adding a bit of deoxyribonucleic acid. As a result, the supermolecule created by the cistron might not operate proper

DNA Double Helix Model -Discovery and Explanation

Double helix model of deoxyribonucleic acid Watson and Crick(1953)- DNA Double Helix Model Early models of deoxyribonucleic acid :- A structure for supermolecule has already been planned by Pauling and Corey. Their model consists of 3 tangled chains, with the phosphates close to the fibre axis, and also the bases on the skin. Another three-chain structure has additionally been urged by Fraser. In his model the phosphates square measure on the skin and also the bases on the within, connected along by element bonds. On Feb. 28, 1953, Francis Henry Compton Crick walked into the Eagle taphouse in Cambridge, England, and, as geneticist later recalled, proclaimed that "we had found the key of life." Actually, they had. That morning, Watson and Crick had discovered the structure of DNA, DNA. which structure — a "double helix" which will "unzip" to create copies of itself — confirmed suspicions that desoxyr

Structure and Formation of Protein

Structure and Formation of Protein Topics to be covered in this lesson Structure of Protein :- (1) Primary Structure (2) Secondary Structure (3) Tertiary Structure (4) Quanteray Structure Formation of Protein :- (1) Translation Process Primary Protein :- Primary Protein Primary Structure of ProteinThere are 20 different standard L-a-amino acids used by cells for protein construction. Amino acids, as their name indicates, contain both a basic amino group and an acidic carboxyl group. This difunctionality allows the individual amino acids to join together in long chains by forming peptide bonds: amide bonds between the -NH2 of one amino acid and the -COOH of another. Sequences with fewer than 50 amino acids are generally referred to as peptides, while the terms protein or polypeptide are used for longer sequences. A protein can be made up of one or more polypeptide molecules. The