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Batrachospermum :Origin ,strucutre ,Thallus organisation and reproduction

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                                              Batrachospermum Occurrence:-   (1) Batrachospermum is fresh water alga.    (2) It is found in clear, cool, and running streams.   (3) Deepwater plants are dark violet or reddish in color. But the shallow-water species are olive green.   (4) The intensity of light changes the color of pigments.   (5) The thallus is attached to the substratum. Vegetative structure  (1) The thallus of an adult plant is soft, thick, filamentous.  (2) It is freely branched and gelatinous.   (3) The central axis is made up of a single row of large cells. Whorls of branches of limited growth        are developed on this axis.  (4) These branches are filamentous and dichotomously arranged.  (5) The main axis is corticated. It consists of a row of elongated cylindrical cells.   (6) It is differentiated into nodes and internodes.   (7) There are two types of branches that arise from the nodes:       Branches of limited growth        Branches of unlimited growth Batra
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The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (2000-2020)

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Chemistry Nobel prizes(2000-2020) The Nobel prize in Chemistry has been awarded 111 times to 184 Nobel Laureates between 1901 and 2019. Sanger is that the only Nobelist who has been awarded the Nobel prize in Chemistry twice, in 1958 and 1980. this suggests that a complete of 183 individuals have received the Nobel prize in Chemistry.  The Nobel prize in Chemistry 2020 The 2020 Nobel prize in Chemistry has not been awarded yet. it'll be announced on Wednesday 7 October, 11:45 CEST at the earliest The Nobel prize in Chemistry 2019 John B. Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham and Akira Yoshino “for the event of lithium-ion batteries” The Nobel prize in Chemistry 2018 Frances H. Arnold “for the directed evolution of enzymes”, George P. Smith and Sir Gregory P. Winter “for the phage display of peptides and antibodies” The Nobel prize in Chemistry 2017 Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank and Richard Henderson “for developing cryo-electron micros
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Haloalkanes and Haloarenes - Definition, Method of preparation

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Haloalkanes &Haloarenes Haloalkanes and Haloarenes may be classified as follow : On the basis number of halogen atoms:- Monohaloalkanes further classified according to the hybridization of the carbon atom to which the halogen is bonded. ( a)Compound containing Sp3 C---X Bond. Mono and Dihaloalkanes Alkyl Halide or Haloarenes: Allylic halide : Halogen attaches to the Sp2 carbon next to the Sp2 hybridized carbon. Benzylic halide : These are the compounds in which the halogen atom is bonded to an Sp3 hybridized carbon next to the aromatic ring. Vinyl halide : Halogen atom is bonded to Sp2 hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C). Aryl halide : Compounds in which halogen is bounded by Sp2 carbon the aromatic ring. Nature of C---X bond:  Halogen is more electronegative than carbon, the carbon halide bond of alkyl halide is polarized, carbon bears partially positive charge and halide bears a negative cha
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Ncert Class 12th Solution part-2

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Chemistry Chapter -Solution Part-2 How do you find the molar mass of Colligative properties? How do you find the molar mass of a solute? How do you determine Colligative properties? How do you find the molecular weight of an unknown compound? Topics to be covered in this Post  Molality Molarity Normality Mole fraction Colligative properties  Molality:-  It is defined as the total moles of solute dissolved in the weight of the solvent .                 Molality = Number of moles of solute/weight of solvent in (k.g.)                                     It is denoted by "m"                                   Its unit is moles/kg. Molarity:- It is defined as total number of moles of solute dissolved in the volume of the solution.               Molarity = Number of moles of solute/volume of solution(ltr)                     It is denoted by "M"                       its unit is moles/ltr Normality = It is defined as the number o
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