Mineral and Nutrition in plant-12th Class

  Why is mineral nutrition important in plants?

What are plant minerals?

What do you mean by mineral nutrition?

Where are mineral nutrients mostly used in plants?             

      MINERAL  NUTRITION

Hydroponics:-

It was given by Julius Von Sachs. aquacultural is growing of plants in an exceedingly outlined nutrient Solution, within the absence of soil. It helps the USA to review the result of adding, removing or variable the concentration of any specific mineral component. Essential components are often known by this technique, and their deficiency symptoms are often noted.

Hydroponics

Criteria for the importance of part are:-

Absolutely necessary for the completion of the life cycle of a plant; necessary for its growth and copy.

• Its demand is restricted, and not exchangeable by the other component.

• Directly concerned within the metabolism of the plant.

Categories of Essential Elements:-

Essential components area unit seventeen.

 • essentially classified according to:

Their requirements:

• Macronutrients – gift in massive amounts in tissues (C, H, O, N, P, S, K, Mg, Ca).

 • Micronutrients – gift in tiny amounts in tissues (Fe, Mn, Cu, Mo, Zn, B, Cl, Ni).

Functions performed in an exceedingly plant:

Components of biomolecules (C, H, O, N)

• elements of energy-related chemical compounds (Mg – chlorophyl ; P – ATP)

 • Activation / Inhibition of enzymes – Mo (enzyme nitrogenise)

• components that activates diffusion potential of cell – K (opening and shutting of stomata).

 

Nutrition 

Deficiency Symptoms of Essential components :-

If essential components area unit below their vital concentration (amount of nutrients needed for traditional growth and development of plants), plants show sure morphological and evident characters. Those characters area unit referred to as as Deficiency symptoms.

Deficiency symptoms:-

Chlorosis (Loss of Chlorophyll) - ends up in yellowing of leaves - N, K, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Zn, Mo.

Chlorosis

• death (Death of Tissue) - Ca, Cu, K, Mg • Delayed flowering - N, S, Mo

• Inhibition of organic process - N, K, S, Mo.

Toxicity of Micronutrients :-

Any mineral particle concentration that reduces the dry weight of tissues by 100% is taken into account harmful.

• Toxicity of 1 component might result in deficiency of different components since the previous might inhibit the uptake of latter.

• For example; Mn competes with Fe, Mg for uptake and conjointly inhibits Ca translocation to shoot apex. Therefore, Mn toxicity symptoms are literally same as deficiency symptoms of Fe, Mg, and Ca.

Nitrogen Metabolism:-

Nitrogen Cycle::-

Nitrogen fixation: the method of conversion of atomic number 7 (N2) into ammonia (NH3)

• Ammonification: 

the method of decomposition of organic atomic number 7 of plants and animals into ammonia.

 • Nitrification: 

The ammonia thus fashioned might modify and come in the atmosphere, or a number of the ammonia could also be born-again into nitrate by soil bacterium.

These area unit the steps concerned in nitrification. The nitrate thus fashioned are often simply absorbed by the plants, and transported to leaves.

In leaves, nitrate is reduced to ammonia to make the methane series cluster of amino acids.

 • Denitrification:

 method of reduction of the nitrate gift in soil to atomic number 7. meted out by bacterium like Pseudomonas and eubacterium.

Biological atomic number 7 Fixation:-

Reduction of atomic number 7 to ammonia by living organisms is named Biological organic process.

• sure prokaryotes (bacteria) area unit ready to fix atomic number 7 as a result of the catalyst enzyme is gift completely in them.

 N ≡ N ----------->NH3

 • Nitrogen-fixing microbes are often classified as follows:

 o life style : Aerobic (Azotobacter), Anaerobic (Rhodospirillum), eubacteria (Nostoc, Anabaena).

 o dependent – with herbaceous plant plants (Rhizobium), with non-leguminous plants (Frankia).

It wants 3 biological elements : o A reducer to transfer atom to dinitrogen (N ≡ N)

o nucleotide to supply energy

o catalyst system , enzyme, Mo- Fe macromolecule and leghaemoglobin.

Nodule Formation:-

Root hair comes in grips with bacteria genus. It becomes arciform and malformed thanks to the chemical secretion.

 • Plant forms AN infection thread, grows within and delivers bacterium to the animal tissue tissue.

 • bacterium manufacture phytohormone and plant hormone that is made by the plant to stimulate organic process and enlarge to make nodules.

• Nodules type contact with tube-shaped structure tissues and find food.

• Formation of root nodules and organic process occur below the management of nod genes of legumes and nod, nif and fix genes of bacterium.

Synthesis of amino acids :-

Ammonia fashioned by organic process is employed for the synthesis of amino acids.

• There area unit two processes by that amino acids area unit synthesized

Reductive amination

 NH4+ reacts with - ketoglutaric acid and forms glutaminic acid.

  it's catalysed by salt dehydrogenase catalyst.

Transamination

 {amino cluster|amino|group|radical|chemical group} of 1 aminoalkanoic acid is transferred to keto group of a keto – acid.

 glutaminic acid is that the main aminoalkanoic acid that transfers its chemical group (NH2) to make seven different amino acids by the catalyst transferase.

Amides :-

  By the replacement of OH- of the aminoalkanoic acid by NH2 radical.

 amino acid and amino acid area unit amines fashioned from aminoalkanoic acid and glutaminic acid within the presence of catalyst asparagines synthetase and amino acid synthetase.