Stratergies of Enhancement in food Production

                 Stratergies for improvement in  food production

Animal Breeding :-

Mating and croos of animal to enhance its varity or phylogeny quality or yield .

Animal Husbandary :-

The agricultural apply of breeding  and raising eutherian mammal ,e.g. cow,pig,buffaloes,horses etc.

Breeding :-

Bee keeping production of honey,Dairy farm is that the management  of animal for milk and its production for human consumption.

Fisheries :-

An trade dedicated to rearing ,catching,processing of commerce of fish shellfish or alternative aquatic animals.

Green Revolution :-

Dramatic increase in food production in Nineteen Sixties as a results of caultivation of high yielding illness resistance varities of wheat rise and maize etc. developed through breeding techniques is reffered to as revolution .

Mutual Breeding :-

Obtaining of crop plants with fascinating characters by artificial or evoked mutation and mistreatment them a cloth in breeding programs is named mutation breeding .

Animal Husbandry :-

It is a branch of agriculture involved with rearing breeding and feeding animals to get helpful product.

Poultry Farm Management  :-

Management includes the domestication of birds like hens, turkey, geese, duck etc. they're reared for high-quality meat and eggs. Management of poultry includes correct improvement and maintaining correct healthful conditions within the cages

Animal breeding :-

An important a part of husbandry is that the breeding of animals. Breeding is that the crossing of 2 animals to enhance the fascinating qualities by selecting 2 animals having the higher traits. a bunch of animals connected by descent and similar in most characters like general look, features, size, etc.

Inbreeding

In husbandry, the conjugation of additional closely connected people of constant breed for four generations is thought as pairing. Superior females and superior males of closely connected people ar known and mated.

Develops homozygous pure lines of the animal.

Exposes recessive genes for undesirable characters which can be eliminated.

Leads to accumulation superior genes and elimination of undesirable genes.

Continued pairing ends up in reduced fertility and productivity of the animal. this can be referred to as pairing depression. It is overcome by conjugation the ANimal with an 
unrelated superior animal of constant breed.

Outbreeding

Animals of various breeds ar crossed it's referred to as outbreeding. It includes out-crossing, cross-breeding, and interspecies sexual union.

Out-crossing:

it's the conjugation between animals of constant breed, however not having common ancestors for four − five generations. it's typically used for animals, that have below average productivity and rate. It helps to beat pairing depression

Cross-breeding:

it's the conjugation between a superior male of 1 breed with a superior feminine of another breed. Superior qualities of each the breeds mix and this can be referred to as hybrid vigour. The issue thus fashioned is named a hybrid. A hybrid is also used because it is or is also additional subjected to pairing. Example: Hisardale sheep may be a hybrid of Bikaneri ewes and Marini rams.

Interspecific Hybridization:

Interspecific Hybrid Mule

Males and females of various, however connected species ar mated. issue has fascinating options of each the species. Example − Mule is AN interspecies hybrid of donkey and horse. it's swifter and stronger than donkeys and additional illness resistant than a horse.

Artificial Insemination :-

Semen is collected from the male and injected into the procreative tract of the feminine. humour is frozen for later use or used instantly.

 Multiple organic process Embryo Transfer (MOET) Technology:-

The cow is run with AN FSH-like internal secretion, that induces vesicle maturity and superovulation.

 In superovulation, rather than one egg/cycle, half dozen − eight eggs ar made per cycle. The cow is either naturally mated with a superior bull or unnaturally fertilised. 

A brute is recovered at eight − thirty two cell stages non-surgically and transferred to a female parent.

The genetic mother is once more on the market for an additional cycle of superovulation. mistreatment this system, high milk-yielding breeds of females and lean meat-yielding bulls are bred with success.

Plant Breeding

Advanced Varities of Maize

Plant breeding may be a methodology of sterilization the genetic pattern of plants to extend their worth and utility for human welfare.

 it's a purposeful manipulation of plants to make desired plant varieties that ar higher suited to cultivation, provide higher yield and ar illness resistant. 

Sugarcane

Plant breeding is finished for the subsequent objectives –

Increase the crop yield.

Improve the standard of the crop.

Increase tolerance to environmental conditions like salinity. extreme temperatures and drought.

Develop a resistance to pathogens.

Increase tolerance to the insect pesterer.

The main steps of plant breeding program ar as follows-

1. Assortment of Variability

Wild varieties species and relatives of the cultivated species having desired traits ought to be collected and preserved. the whole assortment having all the various alleles for all genes in an exceedingly given crop is named germplasm assortment. Germplasm conservation is done following ways-

In situ conservation – It is finished the assistance of forests and Natural Reserves.

Ex situ conservation- it's done through biological science gardens, seed banks.

2. Analysis and choice of oldsters

The germplasm collected is evaluated to spot the plants with fascinating characters. it's created certain that solely the pure lines ar chosen. the chosen plants ar increased and employed in the method of sexual union.

3. Hybridization

The spore Grain from one desired parent plant chosen as a father is collected and dusted over another plant that is taken into account because the parent.

4. choice and Testing of Superior Recombinants

Progeny obtained once crossing ar evaluated for the required combination of characters.

These ar autogamic for many generations until there's a state of uniformity in order that the characters won't segregate additional.

5. Testing unleash and development of recent Cultivars

The selected plants ar evaluated by growing the plants in AN experimental field and therefore the performance is recorded. this can be in hot water a minimum of three growing Seasons at completely different locations within the country.

Garden Pea

Wheat and Rice :-

In the Nineteen Sixties, wheat and rice production enhanced staggeringly. Norman E. Borlaug developed semi-dwarf forms of wheat.

 Sonalika and Kalyan Sona ar 2 of the hybrid wheat varieties adult in Republic of India. 

Semi-dwarf wheat varieties were taken from IR−86 (International Rice analysis Institute) and metropolis native−I (from Taiwan). 

Jaya and Ratna ar the better-yielding, semi-dwarf rice varieties that were later introduced.

Sugarcane

Saccharum Barberi may be a native of North {india|India|Republic of Republic of India|Bharat|Asian country|Asian nation} and officinarum belongs to South India.

Officinarum has thicker stems and better sugar content, however it doesn't grow well in North Republic of India.

These 2 varieties were crossed to urge the fascinating qualities of each (Higher sugar content, thicker stems and therefore the ability to grow in North India).

Biofortification

is a methodology during which crops ar bred for higher levels of vitamins, minerals, and fats. thanks to this downside of deficiency disease is overcome. Following objectives were thought-about for the breeding program-

Protein content and quality

Oil content and quality

Vitamin content

Micronutrient content and quality

Single Cell PROTEIN (SCP) :-

Single cell macromolecule is one amongst the alternate sources of macromolecule for animal and human nutrition. 

Spirulina

the concept of getting vitamins from microorganisms like mushrooms and yeast was developed to resolve the matter of hunger and deficiency disease.

Microorganisms, despite being terribly little, ar capable of manufacturing tonnes of proteins thanks to their higher rates of biomass production. 

Microbes are adult on AN industrial scale on materials like waste water from potato process plant. straw sirup, animal manure, sewage etc.

Some Common Microbes used as SCP Producers:

Bacteria Methylophilus, Methylotrophus, Brevibacterium

Cyanobacteria spirulina

Yeast brewer's yeast, fungus utilize

Filamentous fungi Fusarium Graminearum

Algae algae

Advantages of SCP

Microorganisms show rise thus it is adult in an exceedingly great amount in an exceedingly little amount of your time.

We can grow on a large vary of raw materials and may be simply harvested.

We have comparatively higher macromolecule content as compared to alternative healthy food things

Somatic Hyberidization

Scientists ar capable of obtaining naked body part by dissolving the cell walls of one cell. Isolated body part from 2 completely different forms of plants having fascinating traits is amalgamated to make a hybrid body part.

These hybrids ar referred to as physical hybrids

Protoplasts of potato and tomato are truly amalgamated to make a Pomato, however this plant isn't commercially viable.

Plant Physiology -Transpiration and Movment of Mineral and food