Batrachospermum Occurrence:- (1) Batrachospermum is fresh water alga. (2) It is found in clear, cool, and running streams. (3) Deepwater plants are dark violet or reddish in color. But the shallow-water species are olive green. (4) The intensity of light changes the color of pigments. (5) The thallus is attached to the substratum. Vegetative structure (1) The thallus of an adult plant is soft, thick, filamentous. (2) It is freely branched and gelatinous. (3) The central axis is made up of a single row of large cells. Whorls of branches of limited growth are developed on this axis. (4) These branches are filamentous and dichotomously arranged. (5) The main axis is corticated. It consists of a row of elongated cylindrical cells. (6) It is differentiated into nodes and internodes. (7) There are two types of branches that arise from the nodes: Branches of limited growth Branches of unlimited growth Batra
Brassicaceae
Diagnostic feature :-
(1) Plants herbs with characterstics pungent sulphur smell.
(2) Flowers ebractate,bimerous,hypogynous.
(3) Inflorescence corymb or corymbose raceme.
(4) Sepals 4,polysepalous,in two whoral of two each.
(5) Petals 4,polyandrous,cruciform,uniguiculate.
(6) Stemans 6 ,polyandrous,tetradynamous.
(7) Gynoecium bicarpellary,syncarpous,ovary superiorbecomes bilocular by a false septum,parietal placentation.
(8) Fruit siliqua or silicula.
Distribution and habits :-
The family has 375 genera and 3000 species .Plants are cosmopolitian but occur more frequently in colder regions ,plants are mostly herbs,which may be annuals ,biennial or perinnials .Plants have juices due of sulphur containing glucosides.
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| Brasscia napus (Rapeseeds) |
Root :-
Tap root system .Primary root may store food (raddish).
Stem :-
Herbeceous ,erect,cylindrical rarely,woody,often reduced (radish).Sometimes it may be thichkened like a corm in knol-khol.
Leaves :-
Simple ,alternate,stipulate,cauline or sometimes ramal.Bulbils are present in leaf of axil in Dentaria bulbulifera.
Margin smooth ,wavy.
Inflorescence :-
Corymb or corymbose raceme.
Flowers :-
Ebractate ,pedicullate ,actinomorphic ,complete ,zygomorphic in lberis,bisexual,bimerous,hexacyclic ,cruciform.
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| Floral Diagram and Formula |
Calyx :-
Sepals 4,Polysepalous ,arranged in two whorls of 2 each ,green or slightly petaloid,the lateral sepals pouched to store nectar,inferior.
Corolla :-
Petals 4,polypetalous,cruciform,valvates aestivation ,sometimes irrgular inferior.
Androecium :-
Stemans 6 ,polyandrous ,tetradynamous ,2 outer small stemans and 4 inner large stemans .Sometimes only two stamens are present as in Lepidium .
Anthers bithecous ,introse ,green nectaries present at the base of stamens ,inferior.
Gynoecium :-
Bicarpellary,syncarpous,ovary superior ,unilocular becomes bilocular due to formation of a false septum called replum,parietal placentation ,ovules many ,style short,Stigma biolobed ,capitate.
Fruit :-
Siliqua (Brassica) ,Silicula (liberis).
Seed :-
Exalbuminous,Embyo large.
Economic importance :-
Oil yielding plants :-
Various varities of Brassica Camperstris var.sarson ,Brassica Camperstris var toria and Eruca sativa are the oil-rich seed plants .
They yield thich cooking oil.Oil cake is used as fodder.
Condiments :-
Brassica alba(Safed rai),Brassica juncea,Brassica nigra(black,mustard),seed used in pickles.
Food :-
Various plants are used as food .For ,example roots of Raphanus sativus (radish) and Brassica rapa (turnip) are eaten.Stem and leaves of Brassica oleraceavar. caulorapa(band gobi) are eaten as food .Inflorescence of B.oleracea var.botrytis(cauliflower)is eaten.
Medicines :-
capsella bursa-pastoris is used in haemorrhage.Iberis ainara and Sisymbrium iria(khoob kala)cure asthma.Eruca sativa (traramira) is used to cure skin infection.
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