Chemistry in everyday life

Medicines or Drugs :- 

    The chemical substances helping of human body or an animal either from tratment of disease or to reduce suffering from pains,are called Medicines or Drugs .

Chemotherpy :-     

    The branch of science which deals with the study of tratment of disease using medicines ,is known as chemotherpy :- e.g. Cancer tratment.

Classification of Medicines :- 

Antiseptics :-  

     The medicines which are used to bring down the body temperature during high fever .e.g. Paracetamol,Novalgin,Quninoe,Aspirin,etc.

 

Aspirin 

NOte :-   Paracetamol is prefered over aspirin as an antipyretics beacause aspirine gets hydrolysed in the stomach to salicyclic acid,which causes "Ulcer" in stomach from where bleeding may take place. 

                    

Paracetamol

                                                    

Antimalarials :-  

     The medicines which are used to bring down the body temperature during malaria  fever . e.g. Qunine,chloroquine,paraquine ,etc.

Analgesics :-

     The medicines which are used for getting relief from the pains.These are if two types :-

Narcotics :- 

      The analgesic drugs which produce sleep and unconsiousness are called narcotics.These are opium products. e.g. Morphine,codeine,morphine diacetate(heroine).

Non-narcotics :- 

      The analgesic drugs which are used foe getting relief from the pains ,which do not produce sleep         and unconsciousnes,are called non-narcotics. e.g.:- Brufen,Ibuprofen,butazolidine,etc.
NOTE:- Aspirin,Novalgin,Phenacetin act both antipyretics as well as analgesics.

Antiseptics :- 

      The chemical which kills or prevent the growth of microorganism from living surface. e.g.                  Dettol,Bithional,2-3% of iodine solution of alcoholic water (Ticture of iodone),0.2% of phenol            solution,Methylene blue solution,etc.

Disinfectants :- 

      The chemicals which kills or prevents  the growth of micro-organisms (bacteria)from non-living          surface,is known as disinfectants. e.g. :-1% of phenol solution.
      These are harmful for living tissues and cannot be safety applied on wounds,cuts,etc.

Tranqulizers or Psychotherapeutic drug:- 

      The medicines which are used to sure mental disease .
      These are used to release mental tension,reduce anxiety and make the patient passive.
      These are the constituents of sleeping pills.
      These help the patient to restore confidance and the patient works with full confidance,
      These are of two types :-

Hypotonics :- 

      These are the tranqulizers which are used to reduce mental tension &anxiety,These induce sleep.
        e.g. Barbituric acid,luminal,Amytal,veronal,nembutal,etc.

Non-hypertonic :- 

      These are the tranqulizers which are used to reduce mental tension and anxiety.These do not                 induce sleep.

Antidepressants:-

      These drugs are given to the patients with shattered confidence,These produce feeling of well               being and confidence in the patient, These are also known as Mood Booster drugs. e.g.                         Vitalin,coacin,Methedrine,etc.

Antibiotics :- 

       These are the medicines which are produced from micro-organism (Bacteria,fungi,etc.)and can            inhibit the growth or kill the microorganisms .
        The first antibiotics penicillin was discovering by Alexander flemming in 1929. e.g.                            Penicilin,steptomycillin,ampicilling ,etc.

Broad -spectra Antibiotics :- 

        The antibiotics which are used to cure a variety of disease .These can be used to cure                             typhoid,acute fever,dysnetary,whooping cough,pneumonia,eye-infection,urine,infection,etc.
         e.g. Tetracycline,chloromycetin,etc.

Narrow spectrum Antibiotics :-

         The anti-biotics which are used to cure a single disease .

Sulpha Drugs :-

         The antibiotics having sulphur salts ehich protect the body against micro-organisms.
         These are used agains pneumonia,tuberculosis,etc.
  Germicides :-       The medicines which are used to kill germs,fungi,etc.
                e.g. :- phenol,D.D.T.,1% cl2 solution,Bleching powder,Hydrogen peroxides,cresols formaldehyde.etc.

Antifertility :-

         The medicines which are used to check pregenancy in women are called antifertility drugs or                Birth control drugs or oral-contaceptive. e.g. Norethindrone,Novestrol,etc.
         These drugs are mixture of oestrogen and progestron derivatives.

Antihistamines :- 

         The drugs which are used against allergy .These are so called,because they check the production of histamnes .
          These are used for the tratment of hay-fever,conjuctivites,nasal discharge irritation.

Antacids :- 

         The medicines which are used to cure gastric acidity by neutralizing acid .These usually contain of aluminium Al,Mg NO,etc

Systematic antacid :-

          These decrease the acidity ,but systematic alkalosis due to absorption of bicarbonate from                   anacid .As a result of it acid-base balance is distrubes in the body.Excess sodium may cause                 odema,cardian failure,reneal failure,etc.

Non-sytematic anacid :- 

            These are not absorbed after administrator .Hence acid-base balance is minimum disturbed in            the body.

Artificial Sweetness :- 

            The substances which givesweet taste in food and provide colours,but do not add any calorie              to our body,These are also known as Calorie free sweetness or low calorie sweetness,
             e.g. Saccharin,Aspartame,etc.

Preservation :- 

           The substances which are added to food to prevent their spoilage and to retain their                               neutiritives   for long period are called preservatives e.g. Nacl,oil,sodium benzoite,etc.

Artificial sugar

Aspertame is 180 time more sweet than cane sugar

Ducline is 500 times more sweet than cane sugar

Saccharin is 550 time is more aweet than cane sugar.

Sucaralose id 650 time more sweet than cane sugar.

Alitame is 2000 time more sweet than cane suagr.

Classification and Characters of Oedogonium