Batrachospermum Occurrence:- (1) Batrachospermum is fresh water alga. (2) It is found in clear, cool, and running streams. (3) Deepwater plants are dark violet or reddish in color. But the shallow-water species are olive green. (4) The intensity of light changes the color of pigments. (5) The thallus is attached to the substratum. Vegetative structure (1) The thallus of an adult plant is soft, thick, filamentous. (2) It is freely branched and gelatinous. (3) The central axis is made up of a single row of large cells. Whorls of branches of limited growth are developed on this axis. (4) These branches are filamentous and dichotomously arranged. (5) The main axis is corticated. It consists of a row of elongated cylindrical cells. (6) It is differentiated into nodes and internodes. (7) There are two types of branches that arise from the nodes: Branches of limited growth Branches of unlimited growth Batra
Frog-Digestion
Digestion:-
Mouth:- It is wide open bounded by the upper and lower jaw.
Buccopharyngeal cavity:-
The mouth leads into the buccal cavity that consists of
Teeth:- Only the upper jaw contains teeth. All similar Homodont, Acrodont -not completely attached with bone, Crown, and base two-part present. Crown is formed by Dentine covered by Enamel. The tooth has a pupil cavity with Pulp. Mainly two types of teeth present -Maxillary and vomerine.
Internal nares:- The pair of opening presents near the vomerine teeth.
Bulging eyeballs:- These two large oval areas on the roof of the buccal cavity.
Pharynx:- The pharynx consists of a Eustachian tube over the roof of it. It connects the pharynx with the middle ear.
Vocal sac:- Opening of vocal sac present at the angle of the jaw which is present only in male frog during breeding season help in copulation.
Tongue:- Tongue lies on the floor of the buccal cavity. It connects anteriorly but posteriorly free, and important role in ingestion.
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| Frog-Digestive System |
Glottis:- Glottis lies behind the tongue and lies into the lungs mainly helps in respiration.
Gullet:- Gullet is a wide aperture that opens into Esophagus.
Esophagus:- Short broad and wide tube opens into the stomach.
Stomach:- It is Broad, Slightly curved, and highly distensible. It is formed of Two regions- Cardiac and pyloric. The pyloric part has a sphincter.
Small Intestine:- Long narrow part of the gut.
Duodenum:- It runs parallel to the stomach forms U-shaped structure. It receives a Hepatopancreatic duct.
ileum:-Il It is coiled and the largest part of the alimentary canal.
Large Intestine:- Short wide tube opens into Cloaca.
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| Frog-Internal structure |
Cloaca:- Common passage of urinogenital and alimentary. Cloaca opens by the cloacal aperture.
Ingestion:- Frog is carnivorous and feeds on the insects, spiders, and worms.on finding the prey, the mouth opens out and the sticky tongue is shout out rapidly. The prey adheres to the sticky tongue. The tongue is withdrawn in the buccal cavity and the mouth is closed. Teeth prevent the escape of prey. If prey large grasping by teeth.
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