NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions

Solution

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Topics:-

Intro
Types of solution according to components.
Types of solution according to solvent and solute.
Factor affecting solubility of the solution.
Ideal and the non-ideal solution.
Henry law.
Raoult's law.
Similarities and differences in raoult's and henry law.

Solution:- Solution is a mixture of two or more components Like Solute and Solvents.

Solute:- Component of the Solution present in less amount, is known as solute.

Solvent:- Component of the solution present in excess amount, is known as Solvent.

=> According to number of components type of Solution:-

Binary solution:- Solution is prepared by two components, is called Binary solution.

Tertiary solution:- Solution is prepared by three components, is known as the Tertiary solution.

Quaternary Solution:- Solution is prepared by 4-components.

Mixtures According to phases:

Homogeneous mixture:- In this type of mixture, all the components present in single-phase, and this type of mixture is known as Homogeneous mixture.

e.g. Liquid in liquid, Solid in solid, Gas in gas.

Heterogeneous Mixture:- In this type of Mixture all the components present in different types of phases.

e.g. Solid in liquid, solid in gas, Liquid in solid, liquid in gas, etc.

Saturated solution:- The maximum extent at which the solute particle dissolves in the solution is known as a saturated solution.

Unsaturated solution:- When the solute particle dissolves in the solution without any restriction means the solution is the unsaturated solution 

Type of solution according to Solute and solvent:-

Solvent -Solid 

(1)Solid in solid (2)Liquid in solid(3)Gas in solid 

Solvent -Liquid 

(1) Solid in liquid (2) liquid in liquid (3) Gas in liquid 

Solvent -Gas

(1) Solid in gas (2) Liquid in gas(3) Gas in gas

Solubility:- It is defined as the amount of Solute dissolve in a solvent known as its Solubility.

Different type of Factor Which determine the solubility of Solute:-

(1) Nature of Solute and Solvent:- All the solution follows one law" Like dissolves like ", means Polar type of solute dissolved in a polar solvent, Non-polar solute dissolves in a non-polar solvent.

(2) Temperature:- Temperature increase or decrease the solubility depends upon Heat release or involved during dissolution.

The heat released during the dissolution of the solution (ΔH=+ve ), Exothermic reaction, Means the solubility of the solution decrease with an increase in temperature.

Heat Supply during the dissolution of the solution (ΔH=-ve), Endothermic reaction, means the solubility of the solution increase with an increase in temperature.

The solubility of the Gases is inversely proportional to Temperature, so solubility of gases decreases with an increase in temperature.

(3) Pressure:- Effect of pressure depends upon the type of solute and solvent.

Henry Law:- 

According to this law, the mass of dissolved gas molecules into the solution is directly proportional to its pressure over the surface of the liquid.

        M=Kp                

(k =Henry constant )

Two or more non-reacting gases present over the surface of the solution , the partial pressure of the gas is directly proportional to its mole fraction.

                 Pa=k X

(Pa is the partial pressure of a gas , X is the mole fraction of the gas )

Application of Henry law:-

 (1) In the production of carbonated beverages  (2) In deep-sea diving (3) At High altitude 

 Factor on which vapor pressure of a liquid:-

(1) Nature of Liquid:-The liquid that has weaker inter-molecular interaction shows high vapor pressure or +ve deviation.

  The liquid which has strong intermolecular interaction show high vapor pressure show –ve deviation or low vapor pressure.

(2)Temperature:- The vapor pressure of liquid increases with the increase of its temperature, with an increase in temperature large number of molecules, get energy and increase vapor pressure.

Raoult’s Law:- for solid in the liquid solution. At a content temperature, the vapor pressure of the solution containing non-volatile solute is directly proportional to the mole fraction of solvent into the solution.

             P=p’Xa

P’ vapor pressure of the pure solvent.

Xa is the mole fraction of the solvent in the liquid solution.

Similarities in Henry and Raoult’s law:-

Both these laws applicable to volatile components into the solution.

Both the laws state that the vapor pressure of one component into the solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction into the solution.

Differences between Henry law and Raoult's law:-

Raoult's law defines proportionality constant as the vapor pressure of the pure substance.

Henry law defines the proportionality constant as some experimentally determine value.