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Corona Virus -COVID-19

Corona Virus History and origin of Corona virus :- First human corona virus characterised in 1960 ,later in 2003;5 more human infected corona virus identified including the severe acute respiratory infection corona virus .NL63 is newly identified group of corona virus which include Nl and the haven corona virus . these viruses are associated with lower and upper respiratory tract and cause respiratory infections. Corona is a group of viruses that causes disease in Mammals and birds .Some basic examples of corona virus is Common cold virus(Rhinovirus) but some examples are very dangerous or may be lethal :SARS,COVID-19,MERS and etc.SARS-COV firstly identified in 2003 and SARS-COV 2 idetified in 2019 Newly discovered Corona virus . Structure of corona virus :- Corona virus is plriomorphic virus spherical with bulbulous projection mainly it consist a lipid bilayer Membrane M,spike S,envelope E,and structural pr

Carboxylic Acids-Chemical Properties - Esterification

Carboxylic Acids-Chemical Properties - Esterification Carboxylic Acid Chemical Properties of Carboxylic Acids:- Esterification :- When alcohols or phenols react with carboxylic acids then esters are formed in the presence of concentration. H2SO4 or HCl as a catalyst. Carboxylic Acids-Chemical Properties Esterification Reaction with PCl5, SOCl2:- When the hydroxyl group of the carboxylic acid is easily replaced by chlorine atom when it is treated by (PCl_5), (SOCl_2) as the products which are produced are gaseous in nature and can escape from the reaction mixture making the purification easier. Reaction with PCl5 Reduction:- With diborane, NaBH4, and lithium aluminum hydride, carboxylic acids are reduced to primary alcohols. Reduction Carboxylation:- Carboxylic acids lose carbon dioxide to form hydrocarbons when their sodium salts are heated with soda-lime and this the reaction is called decarboxylation. Carboxylation Halogen

Frog-Digestion II ingestion II B.sc NotesII Class 11th notes

Frog-Digestion Digestion:- Mouth:- It is wide open bounded by the upper and lower jaw. Buccopharyngeal cavity: - The mouth leads into the buccal cavity that consists of Teeth:- Only the upper jaw contains teeth. All similar Homodont, Acrodont -not completely attached with bone, Crown, and base two-part present. Crown is formed by Dentine covered by Enamel. The tooth has a pupil cavity with Pulp. Mainly two types of teeth present -Maxillary and vomerine. Internal nares:- The pair of opening presents near the vomerine teeth. Bulging eyeballs:- These two large oval areas on the roof of the buccal cavity. Pharynx:- The pharynx consists of a Eustachian tube over the roof of it. It connects the pharynx with the middle ear. Vocal sac:- Opening of vocal sac present at the angle of the jaw which is present only in male frog during breeding season help in copulation. Tongue:- Tongue lies on the floor of the buccal c

Frog -Respiration II CutaneousII BuccopharyngealI I Pulmunocutaneous class 12th

Frog-Respiration Types of Respiration:- Cutaneous respiration Buccopharyngeal respiration Pulmonary respiration Cutaneous Respiration :- The skin of the frog is used as a respiratory organ. It is thin, moist, vascular, and permeable to gases. The O2 from outside diffuses into the blood and the Co2 from the blood diffuses out through the skin. Buccopharyngeal Respiration :- The buccal cavity and pharynx are lined with a thin mucous membrane that is moist, permeable, and vascular to gases and richly supplied with blood. The buccopharyngeal cavity is connected to the exterior by a pair of External nares, buccal cavity, and Internal nares. Inspiration :- When the throat is lowered the buccopharyngeal cavity becomes enlarged. This reduces the pressure of air in the buccopharyngeal cavity. Hence fresh a

Biology Class 11: Biological Classification Part-3 IIChapter-2II Kingdom Protista

Kingdom Protista Characteristics:- (1) Eukaryotic and Unicellular or Multicellular. (2) Protista has no definite boundary due to similar characters with Algae, Fungi, and Animals. (3) In many cases, Protista has no definite cell wall, so it resembles with Animals. (4) In some cases, it has a cell wall made up of cellulose (5) For reproduction, it will form sporangia characters of fungi. Kingdom Protista divided into the following classes:- (1) Dinoflagellates (2) Diatoms (3) Eugenides (4) Slime Moulds (5) Protozoans. Diatoms:- (1) They are also called Crysophytes contain Beta-carotene and chlorophyll-a. (2) Cell wall forms by Mannitol, Lamiran starch, and oil. (3) A cell wall composed of So2 and diatoms cell wall is Indestructible. (4) Some Diatoms combine and form Frustle and Kisselghaur by its dead body.

Kingdom Monera | Bacteria | Archaebacteria | Cyanobacteria | Mycoplasma Class 11th

Kingdom Monera Characteristics:- Eubacteria A) Bacteria are the soil members found everywhere, Hundreds of the bacteria found in a handful of the soil. B) They are also live in extreme conditions like hot springs, deserts, snow, and deep oceans. Where very few other life forms can survive. C) Mainly bacteria are Autotrophic, chemoautotrophic, and heterotrophic. D) According. To their shape, these are of 4-types. Coccus:- Spherical shaped bacteria e.g.Stephlococcus. Bacillus:- Rod-shaped bacteria,e.g.:- Bacillus thygrogenesis. Vibrio:- comma-shaped bacteria e.g. Vibrio cholera. Spiral:- Spiral shaped bacteria e.g. Spirilla. Note:- 6 th kingdom classification was given by Robert Woose . He classifies Kingdom monera into two groups Archebacteria and Eubacteria Archebacteria:- Live in halophiles,thermoacidophilous and as a methanogens due to the different composition of cell wall. e.g. Thermoacidophilous-Taq polymerase.which activate at 96c ,Meth

Human Reproductin Class 12th Notes-Male Reproductive Part

Human Reproduction The Male Reproductive Part:- It includes a pair of the testis, glands, and external genitalia. 1. The testis is present outside the abdominal cavity within a pouch-like structure called Scrotum. 2. The scrotum helps in maintaining its temperature - 2C lower than normal body temperature, because it is necessary for spermatogenesis. 3. Each testis has 250 compartments called testicular lobules. 4. Each testicular lobules contain 2-3 seminiferous tubules 5. Seminiferous tubules contain Male germ cells(Spermatogonia) and steroli cells, Male germ cells meiotically divide and form sperms. 6. Leydig's cells provide nourishment to the sperms and secrets of the Androgens hormone. 7. Male sex accessory includes Rete testis, vasa efferentia, epididymis, and vasa deferentia. Sperm release Pathway The male accessory glands include paired seminal vesicles , prostat